A Comparison Between Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre and John :: English Literature

A Comparison Between Charlotte Brontà «'s Jane Eyre and John Steinbeck's Of Mice And Men looking closely at the themes of Friendship, Loyalty and Integrity I have recently read Charlotte Brontà «s 'Jane Eyre' and John Steinbeck's 'Of Mice And Men' novels. They are both clearly different novels. First are both set in different time spans, the settings are different, Jane Eyre was set in rural Victorian England countryside, in comparison, Of Mice And Men was set in the Agricultural side of the U.S.A. Finally both genders of each novel are the same i.e. Charlotte Brontà « and Jane Eyre to John Steinbeck and George Milton and Lennie Small. I will be looking closely at the three themes and similarities between the two novels; these are Friendship, Loyalty and Integrity. I shall also be looking in detail at the differences between the two novels. Both these novels have many differences, The first main difference is the time and settings between the two novels, first of all Jane Eyre was set in 1847 in the rural Victorian countryside placed in England during the nineteenth century. Then the main character Jane Eyre and then the writer Charlotte Brontà «. This novel has been written in a first person narrative point of view, this attempts the readers to focus on the style of writing and emotions that occurred through the novel. This style of writing will enable the readers to get up close to the characters and the details given by them. " I don't know, I asked Aunt Reed once, and she said possibly I might have some poor low relations called Eyre, but she knew nothing about them". This shows how Charlotte Brontà « decided to write the novel in the first person narrative, this will again enable the readers to get up close and personnel, this will also get the readers some of her life as they were with her as it happened. This is one of the advantages of writing in the first person narrative. However a disadvantage of this style of writing is that us the readers our only able to read one point of view, but to me this is also another advantage because this novel suits the style of a first person narrative, Charlotte Brontà « has done this deliberately, so the reader can focus more on Jane Eyre and her life. In comparison John Steinbeck's 'Of Mice And Men' was set in the agricultural side, in the heart of the 1937 U.S.A. Also John Steinbeck wrote the novel during the great depression. John Steinbeck made the two main characters 'George Milton and Lennie Small'. This is another difference form Jane Eyre as the gender is all male however the main

Peter Abelard

Peter Abelard was born in Pallet, France on April 21st 1079. His father was in a military career but Peter followed the academic path studying dialectic. Later in his teens he went to school in Paris called Notre-Dame de Paris, William of Champeaux taught him. After being taught for a while Peter began to question William and argue against him. It was William’s school where Abelard’s application of logic all began. At the young age of only twenty-two he set up his first school in Melun, he later moved his school to Corbeil, which was near Paris, for more direct competition. Soon after he moved his school his health suffered from over working. After his return he found William lecturing at a monastic retreat outside the city, and there they once again became rivals. Abelard was again victorious, and now stood supreme to William. Abelard later set up a school on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Genevieve which over looked Notre-Dame. From his successes in dialect he next turned to theology and attended some lectures of Anselm at Laon. His triumph was complete; the pupil was able to give lectures, without previous training or special study, which were acknowledged superior to those of the master. Abelard was now at the height of his fame. He stepped into the chair at Notre-Dame, being also nominated canon, about the year 1115. After this crowds of thousands of students surrounded Abelard. During all this fame he encountered romance. Living with the precincts of Notre-Dame under the care of her uncle, Fulbert, he met a girl named Heloise. Abelard soon fell in love with her. He became a tutor to this girl and he used his power for the purpose of seduction. Soon everyone seemed to know about this romance except for Fulbert and as soon as he found out they were separated. They now could only meet in secret. She soon became pregnant and at this time Abelard took her home to Brittney where she gave birth to a baby boy. Abelard proposed a secret marriage so that he did not mar his prospects of advancement in the church. Heloise opposed this idea but eventually gave in to pressure. Fulbert did not keep the secret of marriage and spread the word despite his promise to Abelard to not say anything. Fulbert then became physically and verbally abusive towards. Abelard removed her secretly from him house and took her to seek refuge in the convent of Argenteuil. Immediately Fulbert, believing that Abelard had taken her away to be rid of her plotted revenge. That night he and some others broke into Abelard’s chamber and castrated him! The priesthood and ecclesiastical office were canonically closed to him. Heloise consummated her work of self-sacrifice and became a nun. This how ever only affected his work temporarily and. After he gradually turned again to studying he reopened his school in the priory of Maisonceile. His work was effected, but only for the good, Abelard stated in the Historia, that â€Å"the hand of the lord had touched me for the express purpose of freeing me from the temptations of the flesh and the distractions of the world so that I could devote myself to learning and there by prove myself a true photosphere not of the world but of god. † He soon published all of his theological lectures and that was when his advisories discovered his rationalistic interpretation of the Trinitarian dogma. This upset many people and he was forced to burn the book and he was also held captive in the convent of St.  Medard at Soissons. He thought that this would be the worst experience that he would ever have to go through. One of the things that he did enjoy doing at convent was irritating the monks. He soon decided that life in the monastery was unbearable so he was able to go and live in a desert place until it was time for his persecution. He built himself a small cabin and he turned into a hermit. Soon after he moved to the desert students from Paris began to flock to him and he began teaching again. Fearing prosecution yet another persecution for teaching when he was not to be he found another refuge far off shore of lower Brittney. There among other thing he wrote his famous Historia Calamitatum. The pope lifted his sentence and he spent the remaining eighteen months of his life at Cluny, a sister-house of St. Marcel at Chalon, where he rested during his last sickness. The most important thing to always remember Abelard is his scholastic manner of philosphisizing. Even though he got into trouble with the church and society, still had a great impact on the medieval times and changed many lives.

Accounting Conservatism Principle Didnt Succeed Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2529 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In this paper we analyze the relationship between the accounting conservatism principle and the effects of this principle in the Dutch banking sector during the economic crisis. We will focus on several financial institutions and other companies that subsequently performed well or disastrous. The main theme of our research paper is a investigation of economic consequences in the accounting science. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accounting Conservatism Principle Didnt Succeed Finance Essay" essay for you Create order We will discuss an accounting principle and then investigate the effects that this principle has on certain economic events. The sub theme of our paper is a further investigation of the well-known and the important accounting conservatism principle. We will use the conservatism principle to make a new analysis by researching this principle and its effects on the functioning of several Dutch financial institutions during this state of negative economic dynamics. 1.2 Relevance The main focus of this paper is to further investigate a relevant and well acknowledged sub topic in the accounting science, considering the multitude of previous scientific papers and our own interests we have chosen for the accounting conservatism principle. A brief definition of this accounting principle is: A accounting guideline that understates assets and revenues and overstates liabilities and expenses. (Dictionary of Accounting Terms, 4th edition, Joel G. Spiegel, Jae K. Shim) This means that expenses should be recognized directly while revenues should be recognized when its verifiable that will be realized. The conservatism principle holds that in reporting the financial statements a more pessimistic picture (understate) than a optimistic picture (overstate) will be described, due to this principle there is less chance of users of financial information being hurt by relying on prepared financial statements. The accounting conservatism principle in of the most important pri nciples in the accounting profession and science, Basu (1997,8) states that conservatism has influenced the accounting practice for more than 500 years. Watts (2003) wrote in his paper conservatism in accounting, that there is a great scientific benefit in further researching the accounting conservatism principle. In our opinion it would be a great opportunity to further explore the effects of this important and long lasting principle in combination with the recent financial crisis. The recent financial crisis emerged in 2007 and at the moment of writing the effects and economic consequences is still visible and active in todays business world. We will briefly introduce this recent financial crisis in order to provide the necessary heuristics to the neutral reader. Due to various aspects this crisis has emerged and evolved and left its footmarks on the entire business world. We will discuss the important aspects that created the crisis and have made the crisis more sustainable th at are given by several economic experts. First of all the financial crisis came into existence in the United States in the end of 2007. The most important cause of the financial crisis are the reckless and unsustainable lending practices of several top banks in the US  [1]  . Various US top banks sold financial products with high risk to their customers, especially real estate mortgages. These mortgages where covered by securities, which had risks that were hard to estimate. A reaction to a more broad credit boom, increase in oil and food prices was a speculative bubble in real estate and equities, which served to reinforce the risky lending practices.  [2]  The emergence of high risk loan losses was the beginning of a financial crisis in 2007. In consequence of the loan losses and the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 a financial panic brakes out. As result of massive declines in stock rates and real estate prices several large investment institutions and banks in both Europe and the United States came in serious financial trouble and some of them went bankrupt. This worldwide crisis has caused several economic consequences like; rapidly increasing unemployment rates, a decline of commodity prices, a fall of international trade and of the most important consequences of all is a lack of trust of public in financial institutions, banks and the public began to set question marks on management policies, strategies and ethical behaviour. The general consensus of economists is that this crisis is going to be the worst since the Great Depression of 1930 and that complete recovery of the market will be accomplished somewhere near 2010/2011  [3]  4. This global phenomenon is the basis for a lot of scientist and practitioners to investigate the causes, results, possible prevention methods and the way to structure these financial institutions in a way that such economic crisis could be prevented in the future. In our research we will focus on the ca uses of the economic crisis, we will mention some of them while others that are more significant for our research will be presented more elaborately. Some practitioners and researchers claim that these are the main causes of the financial crisis: increase of oil prices, weakened regulation activities by the government, improper and inadequate functioning of CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan and over-leveraging (credit default swaps and collaterized debt obligations). To introduce our research question, we will further investigate one of the causes namely over-leveraging because this specific cause is of importance for our research. A lot of banks and investors miscalculated the level of inherent risk in the unregulated Collateralized debt obligation and Credit Default Swap markets. In this way banks and investors were able to take advantage of low interest rates and borrow huge sums of money that they only could pay back if the housing market continued to increase in va lue.  [5]  Banks were highly dependent on future earnings such as the profits they assumed to make of the mortgages, what they didnt take into consideration is the fact that much of these mortgages carried a lot of risks and that the earnings were not verifiable and realized. So they overstated their future earnings and they massively pursued an optimistic view which led to an overstatement of their earnings. So having said this we know can see that the accounting conservatism principle was not applied by these banks. Having enriched ourselves with this information we were very interested in investigating why accounting conservatism which dominates as a solid theory for many years and is incorporated in the accounting regulations and in many scientific literature has not been applied in the banking sector. Our research question thus states; What is the reason that the accounting conservatism principle didnt succeed in the Dutch banking sector? This research paper will b e especially of importance and value for practionners, financial analysts, accounting students and other generally interested readers. Practioners and scientists like Basu, Watts, Dietrich, Riedl, Mcleay and Raonic did an investigation in the relationship between accounting conservatism and for instance stock returns, but they do not investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and the effects on the financial sector during a recession. Our research is unique because it is the first research of the accounting principle and the effects and relation on the Dutch banking sector during the recent (2007-2010/11) financial crisis. To measure the effects of accounting conservatism in relation with the performance of the Dutch banks during the recession. Literature review In this part of the paper we are going to study and present several scientific papers of well-acknowledged practitioners. We will define the accounting conservatism principle and we will view this principle from the point of view of different scholars and further more we will discuss the importance of the accounting conservatism principle and its effects on different business ratios. Accounting Conservatism Conservatism is defined as the differential verifiability required to recognize profits versus losses. (Watts,2003) Watts stated that conservatism is the asymmetrical verification requirement for gains and losses. It means there is a difference in verification requirements for recognizing gains and losses. The asymmetrical verification interpretation is incorporated in the definition of Watts as differential verifiability. Conservatism also has an extreme form this form is also referred to as the traditional conservatism adage: anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses (Bliss, 1924) This means that a company should not recognize profits before there is a legal claim to the revenues generating them and that the revenues are verifiable. All losses should be recognized by the company even when they arent completely verifiable. Basu interpreted the conservatism adage as: the accountants tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses. He deducted this interpretation from several accounting concepts, procedures and principles. For instance, the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts ( SFAC) No.2 (FASB, 1980) paragraph 95 states: if two estimates of amounts to be received or paid in the future are about equally likely, conservatism dictates using the less optimistic estimate. He also mentioned some conservatism examples in the Accounting Research Board(ARB). ARB 45 states: a company should immediately recognize changes in cost estimates if they result in future expected losses on long-term contracts, but not if they result in increased future profits. Thus conservatism results in a greater probability of timely accounting recognition of bad news than for good news. (Basu, 1997) An alternative definition of accounting conservatism is of Belkaoui (1985). He claims that conservatism implies that preferably the lowest values of assets and revenues and the highest values of liabilit ies and expenses should be reported More broadly this means that accountants prefer accounting methods that lead to lower reported values for shareholders. To explain the roots of the accounting conservatism principle we will discuss the historical developments, theories and explanations of conservatism. The influence of conservatism on the accounting practice has been for centuries. Basu argued that this principle significantly influenced the accounting practice for at least 500 years.(Basu,1997) Historical records from trading deals in the 15th century show that accounting in medieval Europe waws In our opinion the traditional accounting conservatism adage is not suitable for our research, in todays economic environment it would to extreme to think that one managing a company could apply this traditional principle. The first definition of Watts is the most suitable for our research because it is the broadest, simple and it captures in a glance the fundamentals of the acco unting conservatism principle. Literature table: Paper Title Author Object of study Sample(size, country, period) Methodology Conclusion 1 Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications Ross L. Watts Examination of alternative explanations for conservatism in accounting and their implications for accounting regulators. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This paper studies conservatism in accounting and is divided in two parts. The first Part discusses explanations for conservatism and draws implications for regulation and standard setting. The paper draws a general contracting explanation for conservatism and predicts that other contracts employed within the firm, will also generate conservatism. It offers also a new argument: that an information perspective produces conservatism once the information costs of changed managerial behavior are introduced even without contracting considerations. The main conclusion of this paper is that conservatism is essential. Managers will bias and noise value estimates, because there is a lack of verifiability, managers have limited tenures and limited liabilitys. If regulators want to improve financial reporting, they must recognize the importance of verification, problems that conservatisms asymmetric requirement evolved to address and regulators should concentrate on the accountings core competence. 2 Conservatism in Accounting Part II: Evidence and Research Opportunities Ross L. Watts Summary of the empirical evidence on conservatism, its consistency with alternative explanations, and opportunities for future research. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This is Part II of the literature study of conservatism in accounting. This part summarizes the empirical evidence on the existence of conservatism. Ross L. Watts elaborates se veral measurements for conservatism, draws evidences on alternative conservatism explanations and on non-conservatism explanations. Further this article discusses some research opportunities. In this paper the writer concludes that existing evidence for accounting conservatism is most consistent with the contracting and litigation explanations. Further the writer concludes there is a reason to believe that the four explanations for conservatism (contracting, litigation, tax and regulation) are not independent. Also conservatism is driven by a concern with overpayment by contracting parties, courts and government and this principle will not exclude earnings management or abandonment options. 3 The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings Sudipta Basu Re-examination of the conservatism principle. Investigation of the effects of the conservatism principle on reported financial statements. The samples implemented for the test in this paper consi st of all firm-year observations from 1963 -1990 with returns data on the center for research in security prices NYSE/AMEX monthly files, and with necessary accounting data on the compustat annual industrial and research files. (United States). The paper extends research on the timeliness of earnings by pointing out that the timelines is asymmetrically greater for bad news than for goods news. S. Basu states that in efficient markets, stock returns symmetrically and quickly reflect all publicly available news, so he uses returns to measure news. The research of the conservatism principle is based on four predictions. For the first prediction: earnings is more timely or concurrently sensitive in reflecting publicly available bad news than good news the researcher used negative and positive unexpected annual stock returns to proxy for bad news and good news. For the other three predictions S.Basu used empirical tests. S. Basu investigated the effects of the conservatism principl e on reported financial statements and interprets conservatism as resulting in earnings reflecting bad news more quickly than good news. He indicated that the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to negative returns is two to six times as large as the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to positive returns and he also showed that positive earnings changes tend to persist whereas negative earnings changes show a marked tendency to reverse. The conclusion of this paper is that earnings are timelier in reporting publicly available bad news about future cash flows than good news. 4 Discussion of Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling Sudipta Basu Algebraically model, simulate and graph the effects of various factors on the nonlinear earnings-return relation induced by conditional conservatism. 2005 5 The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Ivana Raonic, Stuart McLeay, I oannis Asimakopoulos Analyze of the asymmetric timeliness of income recognition of good and bad news in the earnings of 366 European firms between 1987 and 1999 2004 6 Discussion of The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Bill Rees 2004 7 Asymmetric timeliness of accounting conservatism J. R. Dietrich, K. A. Muller III, E. J. Riedl Research on the relationship between earnings and stock returns to examine whether bad news is incorporated into earnings on a more timely basis than good news. 2007 8 International Differences in the Timeliness, Conservatism, and Classification of Earnings Peter F. Pope , Martin Walker ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€š Analyze of the differences in the timeliness of income recognition between the U.S. and U.K. GAAP financial reporting regimes 1999 9 Econometrics of the Basu Asymmteric Timeliness Coefficient and The Accounting Conservati sm. (Working Paper) Ray Ball, S. P. Kothari, Valeri Nikolaev Analysis of the econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient. The analysis addresses the conceptual and econometric challenges to the measure raised in the recent literature. First Draft : May 2006, Current version April 2009

Cyberbullying The New Era Of Bullying And Violence

Cyberbullying: The New Era of bullying And Violence In School Bullying has been a big problem in our school system for many years, but it has escalated over the past decade due to the new era of modern technology. Unanimously, we can agree that our daily lives greatly depend on technologies; the internet, cellphones, computers, tablets, IPad etc. Although the uses of technology positively impacted our lives, there is also the downside when it uses have negative connotations. For instance, modern technology made it very easy to engaged in cyberbullying, perpetrators used cell phones or computers to conduct this hideous behavior, hiding behind their keyboards to express negative feelings and or thoughts toward others. Using social media†¦show more content†¦If a teacher, parent, lawmaker, and even the child them self- put more effort into educating yourself about cyber bullying it will not be in this situation. Statistics have shown that everyone can be victims of cyberbullying but most incident occur between the age of 11 to 15 years old, however, some report showed that children’s as young as 10 years old also been a victim of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can have long lasting effects on its victims that can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, stress, and even suicide. Increasing number of young kids and teenagers committing suicide because of cyber bullying and sexting have coming to the public s attention. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people with approximately 4,400 deaths every year. The CDC estimates that there are at least 100 suicide attempts for every suicide among young people. More than 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide and nearly 7 percent have attempted it, that is why, sadly, there are increasing coverages about cyberbullying case s in the media now more than ever. (NOBullying, n.d.) Despite the physical contact or audible insults, cyberbullying can be even more traumatizing and damage have life time effect on mental health than traditional forms of bullying. Through social media andShow MoreRelatedBullying Has Been A Big Problem In Our School System For1745 Words   |  7 PagesBullying has been a big problem in our school system for many years, but it has escalated over the past decade due to the new era of modern technology. Unanimously, we can agree that our daily lives greatly depend on technologies; the internet, cellphones, computers, tablets, IPad etc. Although the uses of technology positively impacted our lives, there is also the downside when it uses have negative connotations. For instance, modern technology made it very easy to engage in cyberbullying, perpetratorsRead MoreEssay on Cyberbullying: A Growing Problem in the US2035 Words   |  9 PagesCyberbullying is â€Å"the deliberate and repeated harm inflicted through the use of cell phones/sma rtphones, computers/tablets, and other electronic devices (including Wi-Fi gaming devices)† (Lohmann). It began to emerge when technology became more accessible, and it continues to become a bigger problem as technology expands. Cyberbullies are intentionally hurting their victims, and know that they are doing so. Cyberbullying has harmed all of its victims either mentally, physically, or both. The CentersRead MoreEffects of Having a Cell Phone in Elementary School1183 Words   |  5 Pages Technology has dominated our lives in every direction. Children are growing up in a digital era; a world full of technology. 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After the creation of The WELL (The Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) in the year 1985, over 25 social networking, and media websites have been created, the likes of Myspace, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Skype, to mention a few. The major aim of social media is to be able to connect with people from all over the world as well as to be able to learn about new people, culturesRead MoreBarbie Dolls : A Of A Societal Female Identity Has Been Established And Reinforced Time And Time2159 Words   |  9 PagesBusts and depictions of this influential leader depict him with women’s breasts, while wearing a false beard and headdress attributed to this predominantly male leadership role. Transgender individuals have been reported on every continent in every era (insert in text citation). In the past, being transgender was not viewed as being socially acceptable, but seen as a medical disorder. 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The Effects Of Smoking On The Us, Britain And Russia

Smoking is a major cause of several deadly diseases and deaths worldwide. It is also the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Smoking is now considered deplorable due to the increasing understanding of its detrimental effects to our health especially in western countries (CDC, 2014). This essay will address the change in attitudes towards smokers in the US, Britain and Russia. In the past, Smoking played an integral role in our social lives. Smokers were highly respected; one could even say that they had more rights than the non-smoker. However, according to recent Gallup poll, such reverence is gradually slipping away (Saad, 2011). Furthermore, in the last half century, the war on smoking has been redirected to smokers. The meaning of the cigarette and the smoker has been transformed; ‘‘an emblem of attraction has become repulsive†¦the smoker has become a pariah†¦the object of scorn and hostility’’ (Brandt, 2007). Notwithstanding the release of the first Surgeon-General’s Report on smoking and health in 1964 that linked smoking to the cause of several diseases such as cancer, smoking persistently infiltrated our society but It was not until the effects extended towards the non-smoker that smoking was verified to be a health risk. Consequently, the anti-smoking campaign began in the United States and the passing of legislation and policies concerning smoking became relatively easy. In the U.S, smoking has become increasingly socially unacceptable and thisShow MoreRelatedThe Major Events Of The 20Th Century Were Characterized1612 Words   |  7 Pagesmasses in Russia were awakened to the prevailing political realities and eventually culminated in the overthrow of Czardom in March 1917 as a result of spontaneous action of the masses. 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An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour Free Essays

Abstract This research proposal deals with an investigation of the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians living abroad. It has been established from research that a few Nigerians embrace technology in doing business. The research paper starts with an introduction about the problem statement to be addressed in the research. We will write a custom essay sample on An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objective is to find out the factors that contribute to the unique online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The proposal highlights trends to be investigated that are online shopping in Nigeria. Data to be used in the research will be gathered through the use of a questionnaire given at random to 100 respondents. The obtained data will be analyzed based on the scaled factors given for each response by the participants. The representative sample gives the best results because it uses respondents of diverse fields who are in a position to use online shopping systems. The results can be used by any developing country because the online shopping trends for developing countries are the same. 1. Introduction The nature of how individuals do business has changed from time to time due to individual needs and the emerging business technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the recent forms of online shopping that has been adopted by many business individuals in the world. According to Ghosh (1997, p. 1), â€Å"E-commerce provides consumers the ability to bank, invest, purchase, distribute, communicate, explore, and research from virtually anywhere an Internet connection can be obtained.† Therefore, electronic commerce can be defined as doing business through the internet. This trend of doing business has gained momentum in the global business world because of the increased web advertising (Jackson et al. 2003). This research proposal aims at determining the effect of web advertising on the Nigerian consumer’s online shopping behaviour. 1.1. E-commerce development in Nigeria The basis of electronic commerce depends on the level of technology in a country. Nigeria is a developing country that has experienced improvements in its technological aspect in the recent past with a total population of about 16 % embracing the use of the internet (Internet World Stats, 2009). However, most of the Nigerians have not exploited the full potential of using the internet fully. In addition, the recent advancement of technology has enabled many Nigerians to see the need to embrace technology in doing business. As such, internet usage has started gaining familiarity among the Nigerians. A research by Folorunso et al. (2006, p. 2226) shows that only 32% of Nigerians who had heard about electronic commerce had embraced the technology. This low number of Nigerians using the internet to do business may contribute to the Nigerian online shopping behaviour. 1.2. Problem statement The use of the internet in doing business in Nigeria is slower than other countries in the world. This is contrary to the vital importance provided by the use of the internet in advertising the product. Most of the Nigerians are ignorant about online shopping, but those who embrace the internet do not prefer to do online shopping because they assume products advertised in the internet are either expensive or strange to their traditional culture. This consumer behaviour has reduced efforts of globalization into the Nigerian markets. The question, then, is what should be done about this online consumer behaviour to promote globalization Research objectives This research is carried out to find out the online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The objectives of the study will be: To Investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians Determine whether web advertising has an influence to the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. To investigate the risks associated with online shopping. 1.3. Research structure This research will start by introducing the problem statement why it is an important study among the Nigerians. This will be followed by outlining the objectives of the study. The existing literature review sets to give the research the basis on which the factors being studied will be based. The methodology section will propose a how the factors can be investigated and why the chosen methods for study are preferred. Lastly the research will highlight the limitations that are likely to affect the results of the study and how they can be reduced to make the results more validated. The main chapters will be as follows; Introduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis and Findings Conclusions and Recommendations 2. Literature review Folorunso et al. (2006, p.2224) suggested that the factors that affect online shopping behaviour are: â€Å"establishing cost, accessibility, privacy and confidentiality, data security, network reliability, credit card threat, authenticity, citizens’ income and education.† The shopping behaviour of Nigerians living abroad is unique as it can be identified as unique among the rest. Among the factors suggested by Folorunso income levels and data security was established as the major factors contributing to the unique behaviour of the Nigerians. In another research by Ayo (2006, p.2), he argued that cyber-crime as the major factor behind the low rate of adopting the electronic commerce technology. Further, other important factors have been established as contributing to this unique behaviour among the Nigerians. These factors are inferior online payment methods, lack of trust in web retailers, poor technological infrastructures, and fear of insufficient security in online environments (Adeshina Ayo, 2010). In contrast to the slow rate at which online shopping has been embraced by the Nigerians, they have increased use of electronic banking and payment systems as they regard these technology issues as more secure. The major use of electronic banking is to pay bills, money transfer activities and obtaining banking statements at any time they wish to have the statements for their daily activities. The major factors identified on the previous research do not point to the exact situation because even through the electronic banking services provided by this technology, users are also likely to be exposed cyber crimes (Egwali, 2009). Advertising is used as a marketing strategy to familiarise the consumers to the products in the market. In a global market, advertising through the internet gives the consumers an avenue to consider a varied field of products that will satisfy their specific demand. Although internet advertising comes with a lot of advantages to both the consumer and the advertising agency, it has not been fully embraced in the Nigerian market. This indicates that the consumers in the Nigerian market have varied perceptions about web advertising. According to Wohn and Korgaonkar (2003), â€Å"males exhibit more positive beliefs about web advertising and more positive attitudes toward web adverting than females. Additionally, male are more likely than females to purchase from the web and surf the web for functional and entertainment reasons, whereas females are more likely to surf the web for shopping reasons.† From these findings, it can be deduced that there are specific online shopping behav iour among Nigerians. The research will carry out a detailed review of the existing literature on the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. The researcher will critically analyse the literature both that are in support of the research and those that are not. 3.Methodology This research will use qualitative approach to establish an in-depth description of the problem of the study. This method will be the most appropriate because it does not apply any mathematical judgment of the results (Higgs Cherry, 2009). According to Miles and Huberman (1994), qualitative approach is the best because it is concerned with meaningful characteristics, stories, visual renders, observations and words. This study will be based on the individual behaviour on online shopping. Consequently, the research sample will be identified among them Nigerian Diaspora students, professionals and business people. The research sample will be conducted to 100 Nigerians. The research sample gives a good study population because of the sample size. In addition, the use of this type of respondents will give basis to the research because these are people who have the know-how of technological matters. Additionally, since online shopping is based on the use of technology this type of respondents is the best research population because they are quite aware of the online shopping activities using the internet. Thus, the results of the findings will give a true reflection of the real behaviour of the Nigerians online shopping. 3.1.Research approach and strategy The research will be conducted for 100 Nigerian. The respondents will be selected at random both that live in UK and those that are in Nigeria. The respondents will be supplied with questionnaires to investigate their online shopping behaviour. The data that will be used in this study will be sourced from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data will be collected by sending questionnaires to the respondents. The researcher will conceal the identity of all respondents for confidentiality purposes. All respondents will be given unique ID numbers like P1, P2, and P3 that will represent participant one, two and three respectively. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature that is in the public domain. This means that there will be no permission sought to access the materials or cost incurred to collect data. 3.2.Data collection The data for this research will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be subdivided into three sub-groups as follows: online shopping, electronic commerce and internet usage. Each of the sub-categories will be aiming to investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. (See appendix 1) 3.3.Data analysis Qualitative study does not involve numerical values, and thus, an analysis tool will be used that will give correct interpretation and description while at the same time avoiding biases (Sewell, 2008). Therefore, the data will be analysed using case descriptions of the phenomenon. A detailed report will then be developed based on the analysis of the data collected through questionnaires. After, conclusions will be drawn from the analysis of the study, and more so the researcher will give recommendations that for future studies. 3.4. Ethical issues The ethical issue in this research study will be to keep the anonymity of the respondents. Each of the involved respondent’s information will be treated with great privacy based on individual data protection policy. 3.5.Research limitations The sample used to represent the Nigerians is comparably small. A bigger representative sample should be used to determine the real factors. The random sampling method is good, but is faced with the challenge of some respondents failing to cooperate. The best approach would be to administer the questionnaire directly to the respondents to ensure that there is 100% response from the targeted representative sample. 4.Conclusion This research is an important finding that can be used to implement developmental changes in developing countries. Nigeria is one of the developing countries and the trends shown by its abroad citizens can be used as a model for other developing countries. Also, since technology implementation in the business environment is inevitable then it is important to identify these factors in order to make the required adjustments to make the developing countries able to embrace technology. The representative sample will give accurate results of the research study because it will use a study population that can embrace technology. References Adeshina, A Ayo, C .2010. An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users. Acceptance of E-Banking in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15 (1), 1-13. Egwali, A. 2009. Customers Perception of Security Indicators in Online Banking Sites in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14 (1), 1-15. Folorunso, O et al. 2006. Factors Affecting the Adoption of E-commerce: A Study in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (10), 2224-2230. Ghosh, A .1997. Securing E-Commerce: A Systematic Approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 1-4. Internet World Stats, 2009. Nigeria Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports. Retrieved from http:// www.internetworldstats.com/af/ng.htm. Jackson, P. et al. 2003. e-Business Fundamentals. London: Dorset House Publishing Company. Miles, M.B. Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2ndedn, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Wohn, L Korgaonkar, P 2003, Web advertising: gender differences, gender differences in belief, attitude and behavior. Florida: MCB UP. Appendix 1 The questionnaire Online shopping Have you been using online shopping in Nigeria? Do you use online shopping in the UK? If yes how many times did you shop online while in Nigeria per week? How many sites do you visit per week while in the UK or Nigeria? What products do you shop for with this service in Nigeria or the UK? What are the risks associated with online shopping? 2.0 Electronic commerce Have you been using electronic commerce while in Nigeria? Do you still use electronic shopping in the UK? If not, what are the reasons? What functions do you use the service for in Nigeria or the UK? 3.0 Internet usage Do you use internet regularly? What do you use the internet for? Do you think there are risks associated with internet usage? How often do you use the internet for online shopping? How to cite An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour, Essay examples

The Transformation of Jeff Henderson free essay sample

The Transformation of Jeff Henderson In life, a â€Å"Fall† means that someone loses his position or becomes unsuccessful depending on economy, family discord, or crime. You cannot rise if you do not fall first. In the autobiography Cooked, Jeff Henderson undergoes his own â€Å"Fall† into the abyss of insanity and a redemption born from necessity. The rising/falling motif of the life lessons can be explained by narcissism, solipsism, denial and rationalization. Cooked by Jeff Henderson is a memoir of crime, redemption and a desire to make it big. Jeff Henderson’s narcissism had grown little by little and the position of solipsism on his mind was higher and higher while he got money, even when he was a child. As a child, he could not satisfy his desire for food, buying fine clothes, and have enough money because of his economic circumstance. Through spending time with his brothers on the street, he began losing his moral compass. We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Jeff Henderson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, he usually pinched twenty dollars from his mother when he had the opportunity. Jeff Henderson thought, â€Å"I’m going to get mine. After that, he thought he is better and smarter than he is. His narcissism was increasing. So he did not pick up his amazing cooking skill at this point. Besides that, he had a moral denial when one of Jeff Henderson’s associates was trying to kidnap and kill him. As Professor McMahon stated, â€Å"Henderson rationalizes that he is a drug dealer but he does as, strictly as a businessman. † (Break Through. Web) He justified that he had never used drugs and had never done any violence although he was caught by the Feds. He believed that he is different from others who dealt with drugs as well. Then, He learned his cooking skills in prison, where he served time for cooking up a very different kind of substance—selling cocaine. After he got released his attitude to work hard brought him a transformation to be successful. Now, he is an executive chef in Bellagio. His jail period made him flourish and be successful. Works Cited Herculodge. Lesson #4: In the Crossfire: Welcome to the Third Eye. Break Through Writer. October 05, 2011 lt; http://herculodge. typepad. com/breakthrough_writer/2011/10/lesson-4-in-the-crossfire. htmlgt;